Manual
CAAD-4.1 for WINDOWS95/98/NT
I. General
Information about the Programme
I.1 System
requirements:
- IBM compatible AT 80486 or higher
- A graphics card supported by WINDOWS
95/98/NT
- 16 MB RAM
- Software MS WINDOWS95, WINDOWS98, or WINDOWS
NT4
- CD ROM drive, at least double reading speed
- Hard disk of at least 10 MB free memory
NOTE:
By
purchasing this programme you are only entitled to use it. It is not permitted
to copy or publish the programme or parts of it in any way.
II.
INSTALLATION OF CAAD
CAAD cannot
directly be started from the CD. It must be installed on an existing hard disk.
Start Windows and insert your original CD into your CD ROM drive. Activate the
Windows Explorer, then change to the
CD ROM
drive, and start the programme SETUP.EXE .
You are at
first requested to indicate the drive and the directory in which the programme
CAAD-4.1 is to be installed. The default directory "C:\CAAD4-1” is
suggested as destination directory. If required, the destination directory may
be changed. After confirming the entry, the SETUP programme automatically
copies all necessary files into the directory indicated. Furthermore, system files
are copied into the directory SYSTEM of WINDOWS. SETUP automatically creates a
new icon of CAAD-4.1 in your task bar.
After the
installation has been executed, the programme is usually immediately ready for
operation. In some cases Windows has to be started again. This is always the
case if old DLL libraries had to be exchanged.
Note: For
perfect operation of the graphics routines, a printer driver must be installed
in Windows (even if no printer is present!).
III.
PROGRAMME START
To start
the programme, click with the left mouse key on the CAAD-4.1 icon in the
Windows task bar. The opening screen is displayed with a photo of our
semi-anechoic chamber for sound measuring and the logos of MONACOR
INTERNATIONAL.
By pressing
a key or by means of a mouse click you arrive in the main menu of CAAD-4.1.
Select at
first the desired working language of the programme. Choose below the menu item
'Edit' the sub-item 'Nation'. Then you can select your language out of seven
possible nations. For loading this language with every further start of the
programme, the present paramenters are saved below ‘Edit’-’Save settings’.
IV. The
submenus in the calculation or cabinet editor:
IV.1 File
IV.1.1
File-Load database file
Here you
can choose the driver database of which you can take your Thiele-Small
parameters for the speaker calculations. Default database file is IMG2002.TTN.
IV.1.2
File-Create database file
If you wish
to create further databasis except for database IMG2002.TTN, you can create any
number of database files with this menu item. Enter the database name in the
upper text field of the database window (max. 255 signs). Click on the command
button "Create". CAAD-4.1 now automatically creates a new file with
the ending ‘.TTN’ .
IV.1.3 File-Load
project
In CAAD-4.1
you can save calculated data as a project. The file ending is ”.PKT” in this
case. With the menu item "Load project" you can call these data
again.
IV.1.4
File-Save project
As
described above, you can save calculated data in a file here. Enter in the
above text field the desired file name (max. 255 signs) and confirm with the
command button "Save".
IV.1.5
File-Information files
Now you
find a technical library for crossover calculation, a README file with measures
in case of CAAD problems and an information file about the CAAD programme.
IV.1.6 File-Quit
Alt + F4
To secure
the compatibility with other WINDOWS programmes, this menu item has beeen
implemented. By this you quit the CAAD-4.1 programme. (You can also quit
CAAD-4.1 with the menu item ”Quit”. The data edited at last are automatically
saved in a file which is immediately available in case of a new start of
CAAD-4.1).
IV.2 Edit
IV.2.1
Edit-Colours
You can set
an individual colour reproduction for the programme. Click at the desired
colour selection point. Now a window opens in which you can select the desired
colour with the mouse pointer and by clicking the left mouse key. Confirm the
selection with "OK". Now the colour is set.
If you
cannot see anything any more on your screen due to your colour selection (white
eagle on white background), you can set the standard colours again with the
sub-item "Use default colours" (key combination: Alt + ”B” + ”F” +
”N” + ”ENTER”).
IV.2.2
Edit-Save settings
The
above-described settings can be saved with this item in the file ”CAAD.SYS”. Then
they are automatically called again with every programme start.
IV.2.3
Edit-Nation
With
CAAD-4.1 you can choose among seven languages: Belgium, Danish, German,
English, Spanish, French, and Swedish. Just click on the desired lanuage -
there is an immediate change of the language. Note: Please always save your
language choice with the menu item "Save settings" for the next programme
start.
IV.3 Driver
IV.3.1
Driver-Driver editor
With this
menu item you get into the driver editor again in which you can enter, load,
and save driver data. The driver editor is described further below.
IV.3.2
Driver-Select driver
To select a
driver of the database, activate the menu item "Select driver". The
driver editor is automatically inserted. A selection list with the drivers
saved in the file is displayed. By double-clicking with the left mouse button
or via the cursor keys and the RETURN key, the desired driver is loaded.
You can now
edit the files (via 'File' - 'Edit driver data') or return to the main menu. The
driver data remain in the memory.
IV.3
Drivers Edit new driver
To edit a
new driver, you get into the driver editor with this menu item. The input
fields are empty now. Insert the driver name and all Thiele-Small parameters of
your new driver. A reference window in the lower area of the driver editor
informs you if a parameter for the calculation of driver systems is necessary
or not. Some data are calculated automatically. Save your new driver with the
menu item "Save data".
IV. 4
Cabinets
With this
menu item you find the real cabinet calculation. You can choose between 8 box
types: Closed, bass reflex, band pass, compound closed, compound bass reflex,
compound band pass, transmission line, and bass horns.
Click with
the left mouse key on the desired box. You can also use so-called 'Short Cuts':
These are key combinations with the Shift key, the Alt key or the Strg key, and
a function key or non-numerical key. For the box calculation please use the
Short Cuts ‘Strg+F1’ bis ‘Strg+F9’ (English keyboard: 'Ctrl+F1' up to 'Ctrl+F9').
Description
of the fields:
Driver name
The driver
name is automatically transferred from the database. If necessary, it can also
be overwritten. The driver name is now displayed in all headlines for the
cabinet calculation. Also the graphic prints of the cabinet calculation show
this name for identification. The max. length of the driver name depends on the
graphics resolution and the letter size.
Box type
In the
field 'Box type' the type of box selected by you is displayed. By clicking in
this field with the left mouse key the pop-up menu for the cabinet selection is
opened. Thus, you can change very quickly between the box types or the parts
list.
Number of
same drivers
You can
have a box constructed with several drivers of the same type to increase the
sound pressure. CAAD-4.1 calculates the parameters with up to four drivers. When
calculating compound systems and horns, only one driver can be calculated.
Resonance
frequency (fs) in Hz
In this
field the free air resonance frequency of the driver is inserted. This
parameter is automatically transferred from the database file and can only be
changed there.
.
*
Automatically transferred
Equivalent
volume (Vas) in l
Here you
enter the value for the equivalent volume. The value corresponds to air
quantity of the same compliance as the cone suspension, with mounting in a
closed air-tight box. This parameter is automatically transferred from the
database file and can only be changed there.
*
Automatically transferred.
Total Q
(Qts)
An
important value for the box calculation. Qts gives information about the
mechanical and electrical Q of the driver. The total Q has a decisive influence
on the finished driver box. The programme calculates the total Q from the
following factors:
DC
resistance (Re), mechanical Q (Qms), electrical Q (Qes) and Rs. The last facor
is the total resistance of the speaker wires and coils in the crossover
network. All of these values influence the electrical Q and thus the total Q.
This parameter is automatically transferred from the database file and can only
be changed there. (Only Rs has a decisive influence on Qts in this case.)
*
Automatically transferred
Mechanical
Q (Qm)
The
mechanical Q results e.g. from the quality of the cone suspension. This
parameter is automatically transferred from the database file and can only be
changed there.
*
Automatically transferred
Electrical
Q (Qe)
The
electrical Q is determined by losses in the speaker or the quality of the coil
and magnet. This parameter is automatically transferred from the database file
and can only be changed there.
*
Automatically transferred
DC
resistance (Re) in Ohm
DC
resistance of the coil. Not to be mixed up with the AC current or inductance
resistance of the coil. The last value is usually approx. 20% higher. This
parameter is automatically transferred from the database file and can only be
changed there.
*
Automatically transferred
Series
resistance (Rs) in Ohm
The series
resistance is a very interesting factor. The value represents the electrical
loss of the speaker wires and the frequency crossover in ohm. As indicated
above, it influences the electrical Q and thus the total Q. If in case of
emergency you do not know the values of
Qms and Qes, do not despair. The solution is unconventional but it works: Qts
new = Qts old x (Re+Rs/Re) (x means multiply). An inserted series resistor can
slightly increase a low Qt value of a speaker. 0.6 ohm is taken as a standard
value.
* Not
transferred from the database file
The
parameters following now depend on the box type to be calculated.
IV.4.1
Cabinets Closed box:
Closed box
Q
Here you
can enter the desired value for the closed box Q. The closed box Q is calculated
of driver Q and box Q. Due to the law of nature the value of the closed box Q
must be higher than the total Q of the driver!
Qcb = 0.5
is called 'critically attenuated' and gives a very defined but "thin"
bass sound.
The
relative sound pressure is -6dB at resonance frequency.
Qcb =
0.7 is a compromise between
low-reaching bass and good reproduction of transient response.
The
relative sound pressure is -3dB at resonance frequency.
Qcb =
1 known as "popular" bass,
gives a rich, but a moderate transient response
The
relative sound pressure is 0dB at resonance frequency.
Qcb =
1.4 gives a very "rich"
bass, but a poor transient response.
The
relative sound pressure is +3dB at the resonance frequency.
Qcb =
2 very, very "rich", "fat" bass, but a very poor
transient response.
The
relative sound pressure is +6dB at the resonance frequency.
...and so
on. But please remember to control the other parameters and especially the
frequency curve.
(Qcb=Q
closed box).
The
rule-of-thumb is: Low Qcb value = larger box
Box
resonance frequency (fcb) in Hz
The
resonance frequency is determined by the driver resonance frequency and the
cabinet resonance frequency. Due to the law of nature the system resonance
frequency must be higher than that for the driver. You will soon find out that
small changes in (fcb) result in great changes in Qcb and Vb (box volume).
The
rule-of-thumb is: Low fcb value = larger box
Alfa
(fcb/fs)2-l (a) (small Greek alfa)
Correlation
between the equivalent volume of the driver and the compliance of the box
(Vas/Vab). It is always greater than 0 (zero) and usually smaller than 10.
The
rule-of-thumb is: Low a-value = larger box
Net close
volume (Vd) in l
If you wish
to test if the speakers are suitable for an existing box: Here you can enter
the box volume in litres. The frequency curve and the values of Qcb and fcb
show how well speakers and box match.
Leakage
volume (Vb-) in l
The leakage
volume is composed of the addition of the air quantities occupied by driver,
crossover network, and the bracings (to reinforce the box). When the final box
suggestion is displayed by the programme, this volume is considered and
included.
The
parameter input for closed box types is finished here. Please pay attention to
possible error messages.
The results
of the box calculation are displayed on the right side of the screen. Most
parameters should be known. However, a few must be explained:
The
Acoustic volume is the inside box volume calculated by the programme. By
dampening material like Acustilux, glass wool, rock wool, sheep wool, or
similar, the effective volume of the box is enlarged. The reason for this is
the lower sound speed in the dampening material. The sound speed can decrease
by the factor 1.4 in box types which are dampened very much.
CAAD takes
this effect into account and assumes a density factor of 1.2 as a standard
value.
The net
close volume (Vb) is the box volume corrected by the density factor.
The
Relative sound pressure level SPL at fcb in dB, as already indicated by the
name, is the relative sound pressure at the resonance frequency of the
box/driver system.
The
quotient fs/Qt (EBP = Efficency Bandwidth Product) shows (according to Richard
H.Small) if
a driver is suitable for a special box type:
- EBP below
50 for transmission line
- EPB 50-99 for closed types
- EPB
100-149 for bass reflex
- EPB
150-250 for horn systems
All
above-mentioned values are just guidelines and should not be taken too
strictly.
The
Reference SPL (SPL = Sound Pressure Level) in dB is calculated of the driver
data fs, Vas, and Qe and can sometimes be slightly lower than stated by the
manufacturer!
With the
last parameter CAAD gives you dimensions for a speaker cabinet, suitable for
the entered driver. The leakage volume has already been considered. The data
shown are inside dimensions of the cabinet.
With closed
boxes you can enter individual box dimensions and have the resulting parameters
calculated.
The Box
volume (VbG) in l shows the gross volume of the inside cabinet, i.e. the
cabinet volume which is calculated of width x height x depth without
considering drivers and reflex tubes.
With the
button Get values from the database you are able to have the Thiele-Small
parameters reset to the database values after manual change of the data in the
cabinet editor.
With the
button Calculate optimum box CAAD is caused to calculate a cabinet which is
optimized for the driver, i.e. which is matched both electrically as well as
mechanically. CAAD tries to set the cabinet Q to 0.707 if Qts is smaller than
Qtc and the driver matches into the cabinet with these parameters.
If the
parameters entered are not calculated or overwritten immediately, the programme
can force with Calculate data to take over the input fields (e.g. for
width/height/depth).
NOTE: The
box data are almost exclusively fixed by the bass driver. However, a complete
driver system system also includes mid and high range speakers. You can select
suitable speakers from the catalogue summary of the MONACOR catalogue 45 which
is saved as PDF file on your CAAD-4.1 CD-ROM.
It should
be observed that the speaker capabilities correspond with each other and that
the frequency ranges are overlapping each other. By suitable selection of the
crossover frequencies for bass/midrange and mid/high range a crossover network
can be calculated. The additional driver volumes must be added to the box
volume.
IV.4.2
Cabinets-Bass reflex
Effective
cone area (Sd) cm²
The size of
the cone area finally determines the minimum area of the bass reflex opening. This
parameter is decisive for further calculations.
Port area
(Ap) cm²
The
programme calculates a minimum area of the bass reflex opening to avoid
distortions and air flow noise in the reflex opening. In case the calculated
minimum area is larger than the area of your existing, individual bass reflex
tube, the following information may be useful:
Tube model MBR-35 MBR-50 MBR-70 MBR-110
Tube
diameter in mm 35 51 70 110
Area of one
tube in cm² 9.6 20.4 34.2 95
Area of two
tubes in cm² 19.2
40.8 68.4 190
Area of
four tubes in cm² 38.4 81.6 136.8
380
With the
button MONACOR MBR you determine if your bass reflex cabinet is to be equipped
with bass reflex tubes of the MONACOR assortment or if the bass reflex channel
is to be calculated as a slot. When activating the button, in the text field
next to it, number and item name of the MBR bass reflex tube is indicated.
If the port
length should exceed the depth of the box, the port area (Ap) has to be
reduced. If it should be lower than 3 cm, the port area must be increased. The
error message in case of a lower value than the minimum port area can be
disregarded. In this case, however, there may be inconvenient air flow noise.
The
rule-of-thumb is: Larger opening area = longer reflex tube
Leakage
factor (Ql)
It is
impossible to make an ideal combination of driver and box which does not show
any losses (friction losses, unwanted openings, reflections). QI can only
exactly be measured after the box has been finished. The below-mentioned list
is the result of researches which have been made among others by Richard H.
Small. It can serve as a guideline for the calculation of bass reflex boxes
until you have made your own experience.
Box volume
in litres : below 35 35-70 above 70
Ql standard
value : 10 7 5
Leakage
volume (Vb-) in l
The leakage
volume is composed of the addition of the air quantities occupied by driver,
crossover network, and the bracings (to reinforce the box). If the final box
suggestion is displayed by the programme, this volume is considered and
included.
The
parameter input for bass reflex boxes is finished here. Please pay attention to
possible error messages.
The results
of the box calculation are displayed on the right side of the screen. Most
parameters should be known. However, a few must be explained:
BRK = bass
reflex channel
The
Reference SPL (SPL = sound pressure level) in dB is calculated of driver data
fs, Vas, and Qe and can sometimes be slightly lower than stated by the
manufacturer!
The
quotient fs/Qt (EBP = Efficency Bandwidth Product) shows (according to Richard
H.Small) if
a driver is suitable for a special box type:
- EBP below
50 for transmission line
- EPB 50-99 for closed types
- EPB
100-149 for bass reflex
- EPB
150-250 for horn systems
All
above-mentioned values are just guidelines and are not to be taken too
strictly.
(small Greek alfa) is the relation of the
compliance of the driver and the box volume (Vas(Vb).
h is the
relation of the resonance frequency (fs) of the driver and the resonance
frequency of the reflex opening (Fp(fs).
With the
last parameter CAAD gives you dimensions for a speaker cabinet, matching the
driver entered. The additional volume has already been considered in this case.
The displayed data are inside dimensions of the cabinet.
With bass
reflex boxes you can fix individual box dimensions and have the resulting
parameters calculated.
The box
volume (VbG) in l shows the gross volume of the inside cabinet, i.e. the
cabinet volume which is calculated of width x height x depth without
considering speakers and reflex tubes.
With the
button Get values from database you are able to have the Thiele-Small
parameters reset to the database values after manual changes of the data in the
cabinet editor.
With the
button Calculate optimum cabinet, CAAD is caused to calculate a cabinet which
is optimized for the driver, i.e. which is matched both electrically as well as
mechanically. If the reflex channel is to be optimized as well, at first enter
'0' for the reflex channel area and then activate Calculate optimum cabinet.
If the
parameters entered are not calculated or overwritten immediately, the programme
can force with Calculate data to take over the input fields (e.g. for
width/height/depth).
IV.4.3
Cabinets-Band pass
System
damping (S)
In this
field you enter the damping factor of the system (approx. 0.4 to 0.7). It
influences the transient response and the box dimensions. With S = 0.4 there is
a very "rich", "fat" bass while with S = 0.7 a
"HiFi" bass can be obtained.
System Q
(Q't)
The system
Q (Q't) is composed of the Qs of the speaker and the rear closed volume of the
band pass box. Q't = 0.7 is a good value for a start but it must never be lower
than the Qt value of the driver. Otherwise this would result in a box of
unlimited size.
You can try
different combinations of S and Q't to change the bandwidth and the frequency
response.
Port area
(Ap) cm²
The
programme calculates a minimum area of the bass reflex opening to avoid
distortions and air flow noise in the reflex opening. If the calculated area is
larger than the area of your existing, individual bass reflex tube, the
following information may be useful:
Tube model MBR-35 MBR-50 MBR-70 MBR-110
Tube
diameter in mm 35 51 70 110
Area of a
tube in cm² 9.6 20.4 34.2 95
Area of two
tubes in cm² 19.2 40.8 68.4 190
Area of
four tubes in cm² 38.4 81.6
136.8 380
If the port
length sould exceed the box depth, the port area (Ap) must be reduced. If it
should be lower than the wall thickness, the port area must be increased. The
error message with a value lower than the minimum port area can be disregarded.
However, in this case there may be inconvenient air flow noise.
The rule-of
thumb is: Larger opening area - longer reflex tube
Leakage
volume (Vb-) in l
The leakage
volume is composed of the addition of the air quantities occupied by driver,
crossover network, and the bracings (to reinforce the box). If the final box
suggestion is displayed by the programme, this volume is considered and
included.
Leakage
volume (Vf-) in l
Vf- is in
this case the displaced air quantity of the front volume in litres occupied by
the driver, the crossover network, and the bracings (to reinforce the box). The
leakage volume (Vf-) is considered when suggesting the box.
The
parameter input for band pass boxes is finished here. Please pay attention to
possible error messages shown now.
The results
of the box calculation are displayed on the right side of the screen. Most
parameters should be known. However, a few must be explained:
BRK = bass
reflex channel
The Maximum
ripple indicates by how much dB the sound pressure ahead and after the
midfrequency exceeds the sound pressure of the midfrequency. The greater the
ripple, the poorer the reproduction of the transient response of the box. The
system attenuation (S) has a decisive influence on the ripple.
RULE-OF-THUMB:
LOW RIPPLE - BETTER REPRODUCTION OF THE TRANSIENT RESPONSE
The
quotient fs/Qt (EBP = efficency bandwidth product) shows (according to Richard
H.Small) if
a driver is suitable for a special box type:
- EBP below
50 for transmission line
- EPB 50-99 for closed types
- EPB
100-149 for bass reflex
- EPB
150-250 for horn systems
IV.4.4
Cabinets-Compound:.
Due to
drivers of the same type, mounted rear to rear, or as in this case, mounted one
after the other in a small internal chamber, the box volume can considerably be
reduced (approx. half a volume). The graphics for compound system clearly shows
this principle.
After
selecting this menu item, at first the type of compound box has to be determined.
You can select between closed, bass reflex, and band pass boxes. Then you are
asked if you wish a round connecting box. If this question is confirmed, you
only have to enter the diameter and the length of the connecting box. The
diameter is in general determined by the speaker diameter. The length of the
connecting box depends on the mounting depth of the driver. It should be at
least twice the mounting depth of the driver. If you select a square box, you
have to enter the width, the height, and the length of the connecting box. If
the driver data have been transferred from the database, these dimensions are
already fixed for you.
The further
calculations correspond to those of closed, bass reflex, or band pass boxes. With
compound boxes you are able to determine individual box dimensions and have the
resulting parameters calculated.
IV.4.5
Cabinets-Transmission line:
Effective
cone area (Sd) cm²
The size of
the cone area finally fixes the minimum area of the open line end. This
parameter is decisive for further calculations.
Design
frequency (ftl) in Hz
With the
design frequency the fundamental frequency for the TL box is determined. However,
the design frequency should not be selected lower than the resonance frequency
of the driver.
Stuffing
density kg/m³
To enlarge
the effective box volume (while maintaining the outside box dimensions), the
box is stuffed with dampening wool inside. The more dampening wool is used, the
greater the effective volume. A useful stuffing density is between 6 and 8 kg
per m3.
Area factor
[1.25-2.5]
The area
factor is the relation of cone area and initial area within the TL box. The
area factor influences the Q value and the resonance frequency of the box.
The
parameter input for the transmission line box is finished here. Please pay
attention to possible error messages.
The results
of the box calculations are displayed on the right side of the screen. Most
parameters should be known. However, a few must be explained:
The
quotient fs/Qt (EBP = Efficency Bandwidth Product) shows (according to Richard
H.Small) if
a driver is suitable for a special box type:
- EBP below
50 for transmission line
- EPB 50-99 for closed types
- EPB
100-149 for bass reflex
- EPB
150-250 for horn system
All
above-mentioned values are just guidelines and should not be taken too
strictly.
The
indications regarding the box dimensions are to be interpreted as follows:
- Internal
width : Inside box width
- Internal
height : Inside box height
- Internal
depth (1) : Inside box depth at the
beginning of the channel (at the driver)
- Internal
depth (2) : Inside box depth at the
bending of the channel (centre of the channel)
- Internal
depth (3) : Inside box depth at the end
of the channel (exit of sound)
IV.4.6
Horn:
Effective
cone area (SD) cm²
For the
horn calculation the size of the cone area is decisive for the size of the
throat area (initial area) of the horn.
Lower
cut-off frequency (fgu)
In this
field enter the desired lower cut-off frequency of the horn. It has a decisive
influence on the horn length. The lower cut-off frequency should always be
chosen higher than the resonance frequency of the driver.
.
Upper cut
off frequency(fhm)
In this
field enter the desired upper cut-off frequency of the horn. If you wish to
have calculated by CAAD the mass-depending (cone mass) upper limit frequency,
please enter 0 (zero).
Pressure
chamber volume (Vc) in l
The
pressure chamber volume is a cabinet chamber between speaker and horn throat. Thus,
the upper limit frequency is limited to avoid distortions by partial
vibrations.
The next
value to enter is the desired Horn position in room. This parameter is only of
importance for bass horns. For bass horns, the mouth area and thus the horn
length as well decisively depend on the room position. Examples:
Horn position Mouth area Horn length
1: Floor 18940
cm² 207.9 cm
2: Floor/wall 9470 cm² 169.9 cm
3: Floor/(wall) corner 4735 cm² 132.0 cm
Click at
the input field beside Horn position in room. A window opens in which you can
choose the desired position.
The throat
area (Ah) is the initial area of the horn ahead of the speaker.
The mouth
area (Am) is the end area of the horn at the funnel end.
The Horn
constant (k) determines the bending of the horn (horn shape), and thus also the
horn length. The greater the horn constant, the greater the opening angle and
the shorter the horn.
The Closed
cabinet volume (Vb) is a closed box onto which the driver acts backwards. It is
exactly calculated like a basic closed box.
The
indicated SPL gain in dB is a pure calculating factor. This theoretical value
is slightly reduced due to friction losses and reflections at the horn mouth.
To
calculate the horn shape, the following indications are necessary:
Number of
graduations
The total
horn length is subdivided into equal graduations. At these points CAAD states
the horn dimensions in cm. The distance of the graduations is automatically
calculated.
Distance of
the graduations
If you wish
to place the graduations at a special distance from each other, enter this
distance in cm. The number of the distances of graduations is then calculated
automatically.
Horn area
Round
CAAD
calculates a circular horn. At distances (xm) in cm from the horn throat which
have been defined before, the corresponding areas (xf) in cm2 and the
respective radius (xr) in cm are calculated.
Square
CAAD
calculates a horn with a square horn area. At distances (xm) in cm from the
horn throat which have been defined before, the corresponding areas (xf) in cm2
and the respective sides (ax) and (bx) in cm are calculated.
Ratio a:b
You can
determine a special side ratio for rectangular mouth areas of the horn. Side
ratios
0.0001 :
99999 up to 99999 : 0.0001 can be calculated (if it makes any sense or not)
At
distances (xm) in cm from the horn throat which have been defined before, the
corresponding areas (xf)
in cm² and
the respective sides (ax) and (bx) in cm are calculated.
Width of
horn constant
If the
horn, e.g. in case of bass horns, is not to exceed a certain width, one side
can be determined in another window as a constant value. Now only one side (bx)
is calculated. The corresponding areas (xf) in cm2 and the respective sides
(ax) and (bx) are calculated by means of distances (xm) in cm from the horn
throat which have been defined before.
A list with
the above-described parameters can be displayed by activating the command field
"List horn dimensions". This list can also be printed via the menu
item "Print list" on a printer.
IV.4.7
Cabinets-Edit existing cabinet
With this
extra useful tool you are able to choose a matching replacement speaker of the
MONACOR range for a defective speaker of an existing speaker system. Click on
this menu item to open a new window in which you are requested to enter the
outside dimensions
of the existing box. The mounting cutout
refers to the cutout in the sound wall for the speaker. If the wall thickness
of the box cannot exactly be determined, the suggested value of 1.9 cm should
be taken over. In the last column on the right you are able to change in each
case the unit of measurement for the dimensions. For calculating and searching
a suitable driver these units of measurement are taken into consideration.
For the
correct selection of a suitable replacement chassis, the rated impedance is
still required. It is indicated in most cases on the rear side of the speaker
box.
Now enter
the type of box: you can choose between a closed box and a bass reflex system. Now
the matching driver can be selected. For this purpose, activate the button
Search suitable driver. A list of suitable drivers is displayed in the driver
editor. Double-click with the left mouse key to select one of the drivers. At
first have the box displayed as drawing (click on the symbol with the speaker
box or the menu item Graphic-Cabinet drawing). Then please check the sound
pressure curve (right mouse key and then Sound pressure level or via View-Sound
pressure level). If an excessive bass value should be displayed in the sound
pressure level, another speaker should be selected from the list. Click on the
right mouse key and then go to item Driver list. The above-mentioned selection
list opens again. Select the next speaker (if existing) and repeat the
above-mentioned steps.
Hint: If
you have the curves displayed from the window of the box drawing, the previous
sound pressure curve is not deleted. The newly calculated curve is now
additionally drawn for comparison. Repeat the above-mentioned steps until you
have checked the optimum speaker of the list.
IV.4.8
Cabinets-Parts-list
For all
boxes calculated by CAAD-4.1 a parts list can be displayed. Except for the box
walls also the driver/s, bass reflex tube/s, and the necessary dampening wool
are listed.
The parts
list is printed via the printer symbol in the parts list window above on the
right. The button with the cross next to it closes the parts list.
IV.4.9
Cabinets-Multiway system
The side
ratio of the box walls to each other is optimized with this option for multiway
boxes. The side ratio is 1:0.8:1.25 (depth:width:height) in this case.
IV.4.10
Cabinets-Subwoofer
The side
ratio of the box walls to each other is optimized with this option for
subwoofer boxes. The side ratio is 1:1:1 (depth:width:height) in this case.
IV.4.11
Cabinets-Use MONACOR MBR
With this
option the button MONACOR MBR in the bass reflex - box editor is activated.
Description
see above below Box - Bass reflex.
IV.5 Filter
Activate
this menu item (or click on the filter symbol in the symbol bar) to get to the
filter editor. You can can have calculated crossover networks of 1st to 4th
order in two-way up to four-way version. Besides, you can have calculated an
impedance equalization for the impedance rise at the resonance frequency or at
rising frequency. In this editor also the sound pressure of different drivers
can be matched. The filter editor is exactly described further below.
IV.6
Graphics
IV.6.1
Graphics-Sound pressure level
After
calculation of one speaker box the sound pressure curve and the impedance curve
of the system can be displayed. For transmission line boxes and horn systems
these curves are not calculated.
To compare
curves of two different box calculations, the curve that has just been
calculated can be saved by pressing the key "s" (like save) and, if
necessary, it can be loaded again by "l" (like load) to be displayed on the graphics screen. The
loaded comparison curves are displayed in red colour.
IV.6.1.1
File-Diagram save
Additionally
via the menu item Diagram save, the just calculated curve can permanently be
saved for later comparisons. In the test field of the File dialogue window a
name of the curve to be saved is suggested. Take it over or overwrite the
suggestion and click on Save.
IV.6.1.2
File-Diagram load
To have the
curve displayed again, activate the item Diagram load. Choose the desired curve
from the file list (by double-clicking with the left mouse key or with the
button Load). Now another window opens, the
legend.
IV.6.1.3 File-Legend
At the
first place of the legend always the name of the driver just calculated is
stated. Five further places are reserved for driver curves which can be loaded.
At the second place there is the name of the curve just loaded. To see the
curves, the small control box on the left beside the driver name must be marked
with a cross. Now click on the button Update. After a short calculation time
the curves marked with a cross are displayed in the colour indicated in the
legend. Colour changes can be made by clicking on the driver name in the
legend. Choose your desired colour of the colour selection and click on OK. After
clicking again on Update, the corresponding curve is displayed in the new
colour.
If all
places of the legend are occupied and you wish to load another curve, a memory
place must be overwritten. After you have chosen the desired curve in the file
dialogue, you are asked in the input window to indicate the name of the place
to be overwritten. It is even easier to indicate the current number of the
memory places (1 to 6). Please consider that place 1 is always overwritten with
the newly calculated curve in each case.
IV.6.1.4
File-Cabinet editor
Here you
get back to the box calculation.
IV.6.1.5
File-Driver list
If in the
driver editor the driver list has at least once been called, this list can be
called again without deviation via this menu item to select a driver for
calculation.
IV.6.1.6
Printer-Print driver SPL
The system
of coordinates of the graphics is matched to the complete page of the printer
and printed in colour (only with colour printers, otherwise in grey tints) in
high quality and in landscape.
IV.6.1.7
Printer - Print screen
The screen
contents currently displayed is printed in the resolution of the screen in
colour (only with colour prints, otherwise in grey tints). This procedure can
also be started with the push-button of the keyboard.
IV.6.1.8
Cabinet editor
Here you
get back to the box calculation.
IV.6.1.9
Help
Windows
Help is called together with the operating instructions.
IV.6.1.10
The system of coordinates graphics with sound pressure curve and impedance
curve
After
calculation of a speaker box the sound pressure curve is calculated and drawn
(except for horns and transmission line boxes). With closed boxes, the
impedance curve is additionally displayed. In the upper part of the graphics
window you can seen the permanently up-dated coordinate display of the
frequency and the corresponding sound pressure of the current mouse position. Move
the mouse cursor (cross) to a position of the graphics screen from which you
wish to obtain information about frequency and sound pressure. The position of
the coordinate display can be moved by dragging with the mouse (keep left key
pressed).
The
impedance curve can show quite different peak values with closed boxes. In
order not to cut it off above, it is to possible to change the ohm range of the
system of coordinates. Drive with the mouse cursor to the lettering Ohms at the
right top of the grahics window and click on it. In another window you can
select between 50 ohms, 100 ohms, and 200 ohms as maximum of your system of
coordinates. Confirm your selection with OK. The system of coordinates is
immediately matched.
IV.6.2
Cabinet drawing
If this
function is activated, you can see your finished speaker cabinet as a
3-dimensional display in the first picture.
IV.6.2.1
View
IV.6.2.1.1
View-Outside view
The cabinet
will be drawn as a 3-dimensional display in an outside view. In the left top of
the graphic you will find information about driver diameter and the cabinet
dimensions. On the right side there are input fields for the distance between
the driver and the bottom of the cabinet, the distance between several equal
drivers and the wall thickness of the cabinet. After changing the data in these
fields the picture will be redrawn at once (after pressing Enter)
IV.6.2.1.2
View-Internal view
In the
second picture you see the section through the speaker cabinet including
dimensions.
IV.6.2.1.3
View-Cabinet editor
The cabinet editor will get the focus.
IV.6.2.1.4 View-Sound pressure level
The graphic screen with the coordinate system and the sound
pressure curve opens and is calculated again.
IV.6.2.2 Insert text
IV.6.2.2.1 Insert text-Insert new text
With this menu item you can insert comments or other text
strings in the drawing. Please type the text into the input box (wich has just
opened) and press Enter. The position of the text on the graphic screen can be
changed by the mouse. Set the mouse cursor on the text, press and hold the left
mouse button and move the text to the new position. You may insert up to five
comments.
IV.6.2.2.2 Insert text-Delete text
The text which you have inserted at last will be deleted. If
you want to delete a certain text, you have to double click on this text.
IV.6.2.3 Printer
IV.6.2.3.1 Printer-Print cabinet data
The cabinet drawing can accurately be printed on paper in
colour (only with colour printers, else in grey) and full scale.The printer
orientation is landscape.
IV.6.2.3.2 Printer Print screen
The actual screen will be printed on paper with the
resolution of the screen.You can also start this action with the Prnt Scrn
button on the keyboard.
IV.6.2.4 Cabinet editor
Here you will get back to the cabinet editor (main menu).
IV.6.2.5 Help
Windows Help will load and display the manual of CAAD-4.1.
IV.6.2.6 Distance measurements in the cabinet drawing
In both cabinet drawings you can measure every distance with
the mouse. Move the mouse cursor to the first position, then press and hold the
Ctrl-Key and move the mouse cursor to the end position of the measurement.
The measured distance is displayed in cm right beside the
mouse cursor. To delete the measurement please double-click on the screen.
IV.7 Printer
IV.7.1 Printer-Printer Setup
Activate this item if you wish to select another printer
than the just active one. The window already known to you for the WINDOWS
printing facility is opened. As usual, choose here the desired printer, the
paper size, vertical resp. horizontal size, and all other parameters for the
printer.
IV.7.2 Printer-Print screen
The actual screen will be printed on paper with the
resolution of the screen. You can also start this action with the Prnt Scrn
button on the keyboard.
IV.7.3 Printer-Print cabinet data
The cabinet drawing can accurately be printed on paper in
colour (only with colour printers, else in grey) and full scale.The printer
orientation is landscape.
IV.7.4 Printer-Print driver SPL
The driver/impedance curve displayed can accurately be
printed on paper with this menu item.
IV.7.5 Printer-Print list
The lists displayed in the programme can be printed with
this order.
IV.8 Window
All names of open windows are displayed in this pull down
menu. Select the desired menu item with the mouse or press the corresponding
number.
IV.8.1 Window-Cascade
All windows displayed on the screen will be arranged
cascaded. The dimension of the fields and the font size will be adapted.
IV.8.2 Window-Tile horizontally
All windows displayed on the screen will be arranged
horizontally. The dimension of the fields and the font size will be adapted.
IV.8.3 Window-Tile vertically
All windows displayed on the screen will be arranged
vertically. The dimension of the fields and the font size will be adapted.
IV.9 Help
IV.9.1 Help-Help
Here most input fields of the calculation editor are
explained.
(Help can also be activated with key F1).
IV.9.2 Help-Manual
This name includes that here the manual can be displayed On
Line. The WINDOWS Help programme is loading and displaying the manual of CAAD-4
according to the lanuage. Please close this help with ALT F4.
IV.10 Quit
With this menu item you end the programme CAAD-4.1. The last
driver data will be stored in a certain file, wich can be used directly with
the next start of CAAD-4.1.
V. The Driver editor
V.1 File
V.1.1 File-Choose database : see above item IV.1.1
V.1.2 File-Create database file: see above item IV.1.2
V.1.3 File-New driver
If you wish to create a new driver, activate this item. The
input fields of the driver editor are deleted before.
Please insert all Thiele-Small parameters available to you
in the corresponding fields. If you should not know some data, please insert 0
(zero). CAAD will calculate this field in most cases. If you have entered all
data, please press the Ok-button and save this data set below the menu item
”Save data/new data set”. The driver is then inserted into the corresponding
file.
V.1.4 File-Edit driver data
If you want to change some driver data or edit a new driver
with almost the same data, you can choose this item and save a lot of work.
Just change the different data. Then press the Ok-button and save this data set
below the menu item ”Save data-Overwrite actual data
”. If you want to calculate cabinets with drivers with
different values to see the changings in the cabinet dimensions or in the sound
pressure curve, you have also to change the data in the driver editor.
V.1.5 File-Delete driver
If a driver should be deleted from the database, at first
choose the corresponding database and then load the driver to be deleted into
the driver editor. Then activate the item ”Delete driver”. If you confirm the
question ”do you really wish to delete the driver ?”, the driver is deleted
from the database.
V.1.6 File-Cabinet editor
Here you will get back to the cabinet editor (main menu).
V.2 Search driver
If a driver with special data or a special name is searched,
in this PULL DOWN menu you are able to search the driver name, resonance
frequency, total Q, equivalent volume, efficiency bandwidth product and power
handling. Besides the data searched for, you have also to insert the data
tolerance. After inserting, a list of drivers is displayed which correspond to
these data. By double click with the left mouse key resp. by cursor key
selection and the ENTER key the desired driver is loaded in the driver editor.
V.2.1 Search driver-View list
The list created by the search function can be displayed
quickly with this item.
V.3 Select driver
If you have chosen a database, you can load a driver of this
database in the driver editor with this item. In a selection list all drivers
of the corresponding file are displayed for selection.
V.4 Save data
V.4.1 Save data-Save data as new
If you have created a new data set, you have to save it
below the menu item ”Save data as new” (see above).
V.4.2 Save data-Overwrite actual data
If you have changed data in the driver editor, they can be
included in the database with activating this item.
V.5 Printer
V.5.1Printer-Print screen
The actual screen will be printed on paper with the
resolution of the screen.You can also start this action with the Prnt Scrn
button on the keyboard.
V.6 Main menu
By clicking at this item you return to the main menu or cabinet
editor.
Explanations of the input fields:
- Nominal impedance (Zn) Ohm
Total of the vectorial addition of DC resistance (Re) and
the inductive resistance of the speaker coil.
Only for purposes of documentation. Not calculated.
- Resonance frequency (fs) in Hz
Lower frequency at which the impedance of the speaker has a
resistance maximum.
A Thiele/Small parameter, important for other calculations,
therefore state as exactly as possible.
* This field is calculated.
- Equivalent volume (Vas) in l
Air volume with the same compliance as the cone suspension.
A Thiele/Small parameter, important for other calculations,
therefore state as exactly as possible.
* This field is calculated.
- Mechanical Q (Qms)
Stated by most manufacturers.
A Thiele/Small parameter, important for other calculations,
therefore state as exactly as possible.
* This field is calculated.
- Electrical Q (Qes)
Stated by most manufacturers.
A Thiele/Small parameter, important for other calculations,
therefore state as exactly as possible.
* This field is calculated.
- Total Q (Qts)
Total Q of the speaker, calculated of the electrical Q (Qe)
and the mechanical Q (Qm).
A Thiele/Small parameter, important for other calculations,
therefore state as exactly as possible.
* This field is calculated.
- DC resistance (Re) Ohm
DC resistance of the speaker, can easily be measured with an
ohmmeter.
A Thiele/Small parameter, important for other calculations,
therefore state as exactly as possible.
* This field is calculated.
- Effective cone area (Sd) cm²
Stated by some manufacturers. It should be measured and
calculated, if not given. It is calculated of the effective cone diameter
(center of cone surround up to opposite center of cone surround). It is
necessary for the calculation of other parameters.
* This field is calculated.
- Voice coil inductance (Le) in mH
Inductance of the voice coil of the driver. Should be
stated, if possible. This value is necessary for the calculation of other
parameters.
Not calculated.
- Compliance (Cms) mm/N
Compliance of the cone suspension of the driver.
Stated by a few manufacturers.
* This field is calculated.
- Mechanical resistance (Rms)
Total of all friction losses by cone suspension, connecting
wires, and air resistance.
* This field is calculated.
- Moving mass (Mms) in g
Total of the masses of cone and centering spider. Mms should
be stated, if possible. Necessary for the calculation of other parameters.
* This field is calculated.
- Force factor (BL) N/A
This value indicates how strong the speaker ”motor” is and
should be stated, if possible (measured in Newton per Ampere).
* This field is calculated.
- Winding height (Hc) in mm
Winding height of the driver coil. Only for information
purposes.
* This field is calculated.
- Air gap height (Hg) in mm
Height of the air gap in which the driver coil is moving.
Only for information purposes.
* This field is calculated.
- Displacement Volume (Vd) cm³
This is a calculated value from the data of the Winding
height, the Air gap height and the Effective cone area.
* This field is calculated.
- Power handling (Pn) Wrms
Sine continuous power handling of the driver. Only for
information purposes.
Not calculated.
- Dimensions (WxL or D) in mm
Absolute dimensions of the driver, width x length or
diameter in mm. Necessary for compound calculations.
Not calculated.
- Mounting depth in mm
Mounting depth of the driver. Necessary for compound
calculations.
Not calculated.
VI Filter
VI.1 Crossover
With CAAD-4.1 you can calculate crossovers of the 1st up to
4th order in 2-way or 4-way versions. The schematic diagram of this crossover
with all components can be displayed and printed. Besides - and this is new -
also the sound pressure curve, the impedance curve, and the curve of the phase
displacement to be expected can be drawn in a coordinate system. Of course also
this graphics can be printed.
VI.1.1 Crossover-Data Input
To select the characteristics of the crossover (1st up to
4th order, Butterworth or Linkwitz-Riley), please click at the left PULL DOWN
window and choose the corresponding crossover characteristics. Proceed
accordingly to select the number of the crossover ways (right PULL DOWN
window).
According to the number of the crossover ways you are
requested in the window ”Data input” to insert the data for the crossover
frequencies and the driver impedances. Then you indicate if you wish to have
the schematic or the diagram displayed.
VI.1.2 Crossover-Schematic
CAAD draws a complete schematic diagram of the desired
crossover. The values of the parts can be calculated with the component range
of the E-series (VI.4 Component range)
VI.1.3 Crossover-Diagram
CAAD draws a coordinate system with sound pressure curves,
impedance curves and phase curves of the desired crossover.
VI.2 Attenuation
It is often necessary to match drivers with a higher sound
pressure to that with a lower sound pressure and to attenuate them without
changing the impedance. CAAD calculates attenuators with resistors which are
inserted between crossover system and driver. Alternatively to this a serial
resistance is calculated which, however, influences the total Q (Qts) of the
driver. The necessary input data are limited to the necessary attenuation in dB
and the nominal impedance of the driver. Also here you can have the schematic
diagram displayed resp. printed.
VI.3 Equalization
While calculating crossovers, a known and constant impedance
in the relevant frequency range is assumed. In reality this does not correspond
to the actual values of drivers. With CAAD you can calculate an equalization,
both for the increasing impedance at rising frequency (fz2 due to the voice
coil inductivity) and for the impedance at the driver resonance (fz). Please
insert in the window ”Data input” the driver name (not relevant for the
calculation), the resonance frequency of the driver, the DC resistance, the
inductivity of the voice coil, the mechanical Q, and the electrical Q of the
driver. Then choose the display of the desired schematic diagram.
Note : When calculating equalization with fz and fz2 the
value of the serial resistance Rk has to be reduced by the DC coil reistance.
VI.4 Component range
The values of the calculated components of the crossover,
the attenuation circuit or the equalization circuit can be determined by the
E12 range, the E24 range or the exact value.
Example:
Calculated value : R=7.28 Ohms ; E12 range : R=6.8 Ohms ;
E24 range : R=7.5 Ohms
VI.5 Printer
VI.5.1 Printer-Print screen
The actual screen will be printed on paper with the
resolution of the screen. You can also start this action with the Prnt Scrn
button on the keyboard.
Note: Hard copies of the screen always have a lower
resolution than prints ordered via the print manager.
VI.5.2 Printer- Schematic
The name already implies that here all schematics of this
editor can accurately be printed.
VI.5.3 Printer-Diagram
The sound impedance and phase curves are accurately printed
with this item.
VI.6 Main menu
You leave the filter editor by choosing this menu item.
VI Copyright/Liability
The present text - including illustrations and diagrams - is
protected by copyright. The editor keeps all rights with regards to
translations, publications, copies (including extracts) as well as
micro-filming, data saving, and processing in electronical systems.
Violations will be prosecuted.
Exceptions have previously to be approved in writing by an
authorized person of
MONACOR INTERNATIONAL GMB & CO.KG.
In case of faulty data, despite greatest diligence, and
following consequences the editor neither takes over any legal responsibility
nor any liability.
The author and MONACOR INTERNATIONAL GMBHG & Co.KG wish
successful calculations, much success while building thespeaker boxes
as well as
much pleasure while listening to the home-built speaker
boxes!
Copyright
INTER-MERCADOR GMBH a. Co.KG